learning raku

Quick Tip #8: Raku sets

Set – a collection of unique thingys
Bag - a collection of unique thingys,but weighted for the count of the number of times something is put the bag
Mix - a bag that allows fractional weights

这些是不可变类型。一旦生成就不可变了。每一个都有一个 Hash 版本以允许你更改成员, 但是我会忽略这些。

$ raku
> my $set = set( 1, 2, 3, 4 )
set(4, 3, 1, 2)
> 4 ∈ $set                      # member of
True
> 5 ∈ $set                      # member of
False
> 5 ∉ $set                      # not member of
True
> set( 2, 3 ) ⊆ $set            # subset of
True
> set( 2, 6 ) ⊆ $set            # subset of
False

集合是一种更自然的查看一个值是否存在于一个值的列表中的方式。你可能每一个哈希和使用 :exists 来检查键,但集合会这样做(尽管那就是 Raku 集合现在在幕后为你所做的):

my $set  = set( <a b c d> );
my $item = 'h';
say "$item is in set" if $item ∈ $set;

Perl 6拥有将两个列表转换为集合的操作符:

$ raku
> ( 1, 2, 3 ) ∪ ( 4, 5 )        # 并集
set(5, 4, 3, 1, 2)
> ( 1, 2, 4 ) ∩ ( 1,  2, 3 )     # 交集
set(1, 2)
> ( 1, 2, 4 ) ∖ ( 1, 2, 3 )      # 差集
set(4)
> ( 1, 2, 4 ) ⊖ ( 1, 2, 3 )      # 对称差分
set(4, 3)

到目前为止,我使用了你在集合数学中看到的奇怪的 Unicode 字符,但每个都有德克萨斯(ASCII)版本:

Texas    Fancy   Codepoint (hex) Operation
(elem)  ∈   U+2208  member of, $a ∈ $set or $a (elem) $set
!(elem) ∉   U+2209  not a member of, $a ∉ $set or $a !(elem) $set
(cont)  ∋   U+220B  contains,
!(cont) ∌   U+220C  does not contain
(<=) ⊆   U+2286  subset of or equal to,
!(<=)    ⊈   U+2288  not subset of nor equal to,
(<)  ⊂   U+2282  subset of
!(<) ⊄   U+2284  not subset of
(>=) ⊇   U+2287  superset of or equal to,
!(>=)    ⊉   U+2289  not superset of nor equal to,
(>)  ⊃   U+2283  superset of
!(>) ⊅   U+2285  not superset of
(<+) ≼   U+227C  baggy subset
!(>+)    ≽   U+227D  not baggy subset

有从两个列表中返回集合的操作符:

Texas    Fancy   Codepoint (hex) Operation
(|) ∪   U+222A  union
(&) ∩   U+2229  intersection
(-) ∖   U+2216  difference
(^) ⊖   U+2296  symmetric difference
(.) ⊍   U+228D  baggy multiplication
(+) ⊎   U+228E  baggy addition